The type of Chicago Manual of Style citation that is used at the College is the “Notes - Bibliography” (NB) system, which uses in-text footnotes or endnotes, combined with a Bibliography at the end of the paper. The examples you will see here follow the NB system.
In the Notes and Bibliography (NB) system of Chicago Style, you include a note any time you quote, paraphrase, or summarize any information from a source, no matter what format that source takes. You have the option to use either footnotes or endnotes. In terms of content, they are identical. In terms of placement in the text, footnotes appear at the bottom of the page where you used that source, while endnotes appear at the end of your paper, before your Bibliography. Generally speaking, most teachers at the College prefer footnotes to endnotes for their ease of use, since they place all the relevant information for a source on the same page as the original reference. Whichever form you choose to use, be consistent about using footnotes or endnotes throughout the entire paper. Never use both in the same paper. Ask your teacher if you are not sure if they prefer that you use footnotes or endnotes for your paper.
When you use footnotes or endnotes, you place a superscript number at the end of the sentence where you used the information from another source, or, if you are using a direct quotation from the text, immediately following the quotation. A superscript number is a small number that appears slightly above the line of text. Your notes always start at one with the first note in the paper and increase by one for each new note (e.g.: 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on).
example: By linking his work to the memory of the martyred president, Whitman was able to salvage his respectability.1
If you are using footnotes, at the bottom of that same page, you begin your footnote with the same number as the one that appears in the paper, followed by all of the relevant bibliographic information. Chicago recommends that the note number is not presented in superscript at the bottom of the page, but accepts superscript numbers if that is what is used by the footnotes function of your word processor (this is the case for MS Word, for example). The note should include the full names of the author(s), the title of the source, the facts of publication (publisher, date, volumes, etc. . .), and relevant page numbers. Each element is separated by a comma or by parentheses, according to the specific NB rules for that type of source. Here is a general example of what a note will look like. The specific formatting for different types of sources is detailed later on in this guide.
example: 1. Susan M. Ryan, “Stowe, Byron, and the Art of Scandal,” American Literature 83, no. 1 (2011): 61-62.
After citing the source in a note in the full format shown above for the first time in your work, Chicago encourages you to use a shortened note format instead. For details on Shortened notes, see below.
If you are using endnotes, all of the same information and formatting as in the footnote example shown above will also appear in your note, but the note will appear as part of a list of all the notes you’ve made in your paper, at the end of the paper, prefaced by the centered title “Notes.” It is not necessary to begin a new page for your endnotes.
Sometimes, you may refer to two or more sources in the same sentence. In these cases, only put one superscript number at the end of the sentence and place the information for all of the sources used in the sentence in the same note. Separate the information for each source with a semicolon ";".
With a work that has two authors, list the full names of both authors in the order they appear in the work for a full note, or the last names of all of the authors in a short form note. Insert "and" before the second author's name in both the full and short forms.
With a work that has three or more authors, only list the first author's name, followed by et al. List the author's full name for a full note and just the author's last name for a short form note.
If the author of your work is unknown, begin your note with the title of the work. Do not place "Anonymous" where the author would normally go in the note. For the shortened note format, just include the abbreviated title of the work and the relevant page number(s).
Traditionally, a footnote will include a page number or range of pages that points the reader to the specific part of a source where the quoted or paraphrased information can be found. However, in some cases, page numbers will not be available. For example, some eBooks do not contain standardized page numbers. In these cases, use another indicator to help your reader find the location of the information in your source. Some examples can include:
Chapters - example "ch.4"
Sections - example "sec.9"
Parts - example "pt.14"
Only use alternate indicators such as chapters or sections if they are numbered in the source. If no numbering is used, do no include them, even if the source lacks standard page numbers.
For sources with published line numbers, you should include the numbers in the note instead of page number, labeling them with "line" or "lines."
Films and audio recordings: For sources such as films or audio recordings, you do not need to include a time stamp for the exact time of the content being cited.
Scriptural references (Style manual sections 14.138 to 14.141): For references to the Jewish or Christian scriptures in text. They should include the standardized book, chapter, and verses being referenced instead of a page number. Book titles should be abbreviated according to sections 10.51 to 10.53 in the Chicago Manual of Style. Place a colon between the chapter and verse numbers. For example: Exod. 4:5
For sacred works from other religious traditions, treat them in a manner similar to Biblical works. Supply standard book, chapter, and verse numbers whenever available, and separate each with a colon.
Classical Greek and Latin works (Style manual sections 14.142 to 14.143): For classical Greek and Latin works, use the standardized book, section, and line numbers provided by the source. Separate each with a period. For example: Metaphysics 3.2.996b5-8. Omit page numbers unless referencing introductions, notes, and the like supplied by a modern author.
Classical English Poems and Plays (Style manual sections 14.153 to 14.154): Classic English poems and plays, such as Beowulf, the works of Geoffry Chaucer, or the works of William Shakespeare, can often be cited by book, canto, and stanza; stanza and line; act, scene, and line; or similar, depending on the standardized number provided. Include labels such as "bk." for book, "canto" for a canto, and "st." for a stanza, and "line" or "lines" for line numbers. For example: The Faerie Queene, bk. 2, canto 8, st. 14, or Paradise Lost, bk. 1, lines 44-50.
For plays such as the works of Shakespeare that use an easily recognizable act, scene, and line format, you can just include the number for each, separated by a period. For example: Othello 3.1.11.
If you are using Word, footnotes and endnotes can be added using the “Insert Footnote” or “Insert Endnote” buttons in the “References” tab. This will automatically add the superscript numbering to your text, place the notes at the bottom of the page or end of the paper, and track the numbering for all your notes. Most other word processors, such as Google Docs or Pages, have similar functions.
Chicago instructs to include an author's full name in first name last name order as the first element of a full note. Usually, you do not abbreviate the name in any way, unless this author is commonly know by these abbreviations (e.g. J.R.R. Tolkien, W.H. Auden). This ordering of names is based off of what Chicago refers to as "Western" naming ordering conventions, which will usually given a person's given name(s) first, followed by their family name(s).
However, many cultures follow what Chicago refers to as "Eastern" naming order, where the family name if traditionally listed first. When citing an author whose name follow the Eastern naming order convention, retain that order in your note. The only exception to this rule are authors whose names are commonly presented in their writings using Western ordering conventions. For example, the Chinese author Liu Cixin commonly publishes his work in English as Cixin Liu. So, if citing his English work, you would present the name as Cixin Liu. However, if you were citing his work in the original Chinese, where he is know as Liu Cixin, you would retain the Liu Cixin order.
If an author is published under different forms of their name, each work should be listed under the name that appears on the work, unless the difference is just the use of initials instead of a full names. However, there are cases, such as with deadnames, where an author no longer wishes to be known by an earlier name. In these cases, cite their work under their current name only, regardless of how the work was originally published. For example, list any work by N. D. Stevenson under the name N. D. Stevenson, even though some works by the author were originally published under a previous name.
The 18th edition of Chicago Style Notes and Bibliography citation uses something called a "shortened note" to reduce the amount of information that you need to put in your notes. The first time you reference a source, you still have to give a full note with all the necessary information about the source. However, for every note for that source after the first note, you may use the shortened note format, which usually only includes the last name(s) of the author(s) of the source, the title of the source, and any relevant page numbers.
Example:
1. David Levithan, Boy Meets Boy (New York, Ember, 2003), 101. (first note - full format)
2, Levithan, Boy Meets Boy, 150. (second note for the same source - shortened format)
You may shorten long titles when including them in shortened notes. A short title should include the key word or words from the main title. Any initial A, An, or The is usually omitted in longer titles, but retained if the title is short. Do not change the order of words. Do not shorten a title of four words or less.
Example:
Full title: The 15-Minute City: A Solution for Saving Our Time & Our Planet
Short title: 15-Minute City
As of the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, using "Ibid" for multiple citations from the same source if discouraged. Use the shortened note format instead. You can further shorten the note to just the author and the page number when using the same source multiple times in a row.
Example:
1. David Levithan, Boy Meets Boy (New York, Ember, 2003), 101. (first note - full format)
2. Levithan, Boy Meets Boy, 150. (second note for the same source - shortened format)
3. Levithan, 152. (third consecutive note for the same source - shortened, shortened format)
4. Levithan, 156. (fourth consecutive note for the same source - shortened, shortened format)
If you reference a different source between notes for a source that you're using multiple times, you will have to return to the full shortened note format (Author, Title, page number) for the next time you use the first source.
Example:
1. David Levithan, Boy Meets Boy (New York, Ember, 2003), 101. (first note - full format)
2. Levithan, Boy Meets Boy, 150. (second note for the same source - shortened format)
3. Levithan, 152. (third consecutive note for the same source - shortened, shortened format)
4. Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, 52. (first note for a different source - full format)
5. Levithan, Boy Meets Boy, 107. (non-consecutive note for the first source - shortened format)
Whenever possible, always use the original source for any information you use in your essay. However, sometimes it isn't possible to find the original source (e.g. the source is out of print, unavailable through the Library, or not available in a language you can read). In those cases, Chicago Style allows you to cite the information from what it calls a secondary source. A secondary source is a book, article, etc, that quotes or references a piece of information, but is not the original source of that information. When citing a secondary source of information in a note, you must list the original source and the secondary source in your note, linked together with "quoted in".
example (full note): 3. "Miriam, Star of Venice," Drum, October 1959, 65, quoted in Ruth Feldstein, How it Feels to Be Free: Black women entertainers and the Civil Rights Movement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 56.
example (short form): 4. "Miriam", 65, quoted in Feldstein, How it Feels, 56.
In the examples, the October 1959 issue of Drum magazine is the original source of the quote about Miriam Makeba. Since we couldn't find a copy of Drum, we used a book by Ruth Feldstein as the source for our information, which is where we first found the quote. The information about the issue of Drum magazine in question and the page number where the information originally appeared was taken from the in-text notes included in How it Feels to Be Free.
When citing a secondary source in this manner, only include the source where the information was quoted in your bibliography. Do not include the original source information.
Note: We are citing from a secondary source that is a book (How it Feels to Be Free), which quotes a primary source that is a magazine article ("Miriam, Star of Venice" from Drum magazine). When you cite a primary and secondary source, always use the formatting for the type of source (book, magazine, etc. . . see below for examples of each type) for both the primary source and the secondary source when constructing your note. In other words, if your primary source is a book and your secondary source is a journal article, use the book note formatting for the first part of your note and the journal article note formatting for the second part of your note. You can mix any formats like this to fit your needs, as long as you remember to link the two formats with "quoted in."
Use for books consulted in print.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name(s) Last Name, Title of Book (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. David Levithan, Boy Meets Boy (Ember, 2003), 101.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Family Name, Short Main Title, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Levithan, Boy Meets Boy, 150.
Use for a book that has a listed edition other than the first edition. For numbered editions (e.g. second, third, fourth), list the number with the appropriate suffix (e.g. 2nd, 3rd, 4th). Use the "ed." abbreviation for "edition."
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book, Edition information (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. Robert W. Strayer, Ways of the World: A Brief Global History With Sources, 5th ed. (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2022), 207.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Main Title, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Strayer, Ways of the World, 210.
Use this format for books where a specific editor or editors are considered to be primarily responsible for the book instead of an author or authors. Include "ed." (plural "eds.") after the name(s) to indicate this is an editor in the full note, and not an author. You do not need to include "ed." or "eds." in the shortened note.
Full note format:
1. Editor(s) First Name(s) Last Name(s), ed(s)., Title of Book (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. Lauren Goodlad, and Michael Bibby, eds., Goth: Undead Subculture (Duke University Press, 2007), 66.
Shortened note format:
1. Editor(s) Family Name(s), Short Title of Book, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Goodlad and Bibby, Goth: Undead Subculture, 68.
Use this format for books where a specific named editor or editors are named in the book, in addition to an author or authors. Place the editor(s) name(s) after the title of the work, and include "ed." (plural "eds.") before the name(s) to indicate the editors in the full note. You do not need to include the editors in the shortened note.
Note: While the examples use page numbers, this particular example lists Act, Scene, and Verse instead, as is standard for Shakespearean poems in Chicago.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book, ed(s). Editor First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. William Shakespeare, King Lear: An Authoritative Text, Sources, Criticism, Adaptations, and Responses, ed. Grace Ioppolo (W. W. Norton, 2008), 3.2.49-60.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Title of Book, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Shakespeare, King Lear, 4.1.10.
An eBook that was found online from a free source should include a stable URL link to that source at the end of the note. When sourcing a freely available older book that is out of copyright, it is preferable that URL links to scanned pages of a print edition (e.g. a PDF) instead of a reflowable text format, such as HTML or EPUB. Chicago recommends the Internet Archive for sourcing such books.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Publisher, Year of publication), page number, URL.
Full note example:
1. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World (Temple Press, 1899), 71, https://archive.org/details/gulliverstravels00swif.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Title of Book, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, 88.
As with a journal article from a Library database, Chicago instructs us to include the name of the database where the eBook was found instead of a URL link, so that the reader knows which database to access in order to find the book.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Publisher, Year of publication), page number, Title of Database.
Full note example:
1. Joel Peter Eigen, Unconscious Crime: Mental Absence and Criminal Responsibility in Victorian London (Johns Hopkins Univ., 2003), 67, Ebook Central.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Title of Book, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Eigen, Unconscious Crime, 105.
eBooks that have been purchased from online sellers, such as Apple iBooks, Rakuten Kobo, Amazon Kindle, or Google Play Books, often use proprietary files that require specific software or devices to be read. As a result, Chicago recommends that you add the name of the app used to acquire or read the book, in order to make it easier for your readers to find.
In addition, many books that are read through an app do not have set page numbers. In those cases, do not list the page numbers used on your particular device, as they will change based on screen sizes of different devices and other screen settings. Instead, Chicago recommends that you instead cite chapter numbers, section headings, or, if they are numbered, paragraphs in your notes. Abbreviate "chapter" as "ch."
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Publisher, Year of publication), chapter, section, or paragraph number, Application used.
Full note example:
1. Alice Waters, Coming to My Senses: The Making of a Counterculture Cook (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2017), ch. 3, iBooks.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Title of Book, chapter, section, or paragraph number.
Shortened note example:
1. Waters, Coming to My Senses, ch. 7.
Use for a book that has been translated from one language to another. Include the name of the translator after the title of the book.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Book, trans. Translator First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. Albert Camus, The Stranger, trans. Matthew Ward (Vintage Books, 1989), 10.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, Short Title of Book, page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Camus, Stranger, 36.
Use when you are only citing a specific chapter from a edited book of chapters by various authors, or if you are only citing from a specific work (short story, poem, etc.) in an anthology.
Full note format:
1. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. Anne Verjus, “Gender, Sexuality, and Political Culture,” in A Companion to the French Revolution, ed. Peter McPhee (Wiley, 2012), 199.
Shortened note format:
1. Chapter Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Chapter Title," page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Verjus, "Gender," 200.
Use the following format for any journal article you find in print only.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Page number.
Full note example:
1. Lilia Shevtsova, “The Next Russian Revolution,” Current History 111, no. 747 (2012): 252.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Shevtsova, "'The Next Russian Revolution,'" 253.
Chicago prefers that you include a DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, for a journal article whenever possible. DOIs are unique number systems that are assigned to individual articles to make them easily findable by anyone. Usually, they will start with a 10, followed by a period, followed by a unique string of numbers and letters. When including a DOI in a Chicago-style note, add "https://doi.org/" to the beginning of the DOI if it is not already present. This turns the DOI into a usable URL that will take the reader to an online version of the article. Only include the DOI in the full version of a note and in the bibliography.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Page number, https://doi.org/DOI.
Full note example:
1. Susan M. Ryan, “Stowe, Byron, and the Art of Scandal,” American Literature 83, no. 1 (2011): 61-62, https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2010-063.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Ryan, "Stowe, Byron," 63.
When a journal article doesn't have a DOI but can be found for free online (for example, from an open access journal), include a stable URL link to the article.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Page number, URL.
Full note example:
1. John D. Niles, “Editing Beowulf: What Can Study of the Ballads Tell Us?” Oral Tradition 9, no. 2 (1994): 441, http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/9ii/13_niles.pdf.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Niles, "Editing Beowulf," 444.
If you use an article from one of the Library's subscription journal databases and that article does not have a DOI, Chicago recommends including the name of the database instead of a stable URL link to the article. This is because a link to an article in a database will only work for anyone that has access to that specific database, and usually only after they have logged in to the database. Listing the name of the database instead makes it easier for your reader to figure out where to go to find the article. The title of the database is not placed in italics, and is not included in the shortened version of the note.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Page number, Name of Database.
Full note example:
1. Anne Larsen, "'[Dieu] se Servit de Jeanne d'Arc': The Textual Public Identity of Mining Engineer Martine de Bertereau, Baronne de Beausoleil (ca. 1590-1643)," Michigan Academician 48, no. 1 (2021): 42, EBSCOhost.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Larsen, "''[Dieu] se Servit,''" 41.
Some journals, such as the well-known Public Library of Science One (PLoS One), have adopted what is called a "continuous publishing model," which is a format in which each article is assigned a unique ID and is considered final the moment it is published online. These articles are often given their own internal page numbering, restarting at 1 with each article. As a result, Chicago recommends including the ID in the footnote and bibliographic entry whenever possible.
To find the article ID, check the first page of the PDF of the article. These IDs are only standardized within the journal itself, and can look completely different from journal to journal, but are often labeled clearly on the page. You do not need to include a DOI or hyperlink in the note, although it is included in the bibliography. It is also not necessary to include an article ID in the shortened note.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name(s), “Title of Article,” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Page number, Article ID.
Full note example:
1. Fatema Binte Alam et al., “'RVCNet: A Hybrid Deep Neural Network Framework for the Diagnosis of Lung Diseases,” PLoS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): 2, e0293125.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Alam et al., "'RVCNet,'" 7.
when citing articles from popular, non-academic magazines, you use a very similar format to academic journal articles. The only exception is that weekly, monthly, or bimonthly magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only.
For magazine articles found on subscription databases, use the format below, with the addition of the title of the database at the end of the full note citation.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Magazine Title, Date of publication, Year of publication, Page number.
Full note example:
1. David Fears, “An A-List Sister Act Reunites,” Rolling Stone, October 2024, 14.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Fears, "'A-List Sister Act,'" 16.
Use the following format for any newspaper article you find in print.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Title, Date of publication, Year of publication, Page number.
Full note example:
1. Andrea Woo, “How Sam Benastick Survived 50 Days in the Northern B.C. Wilderness,” The Globe and Mail, December 19, 2024, A8.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Woo, "How Sam Benastick Survived," A9.
Use the following format for a newspaper article found in a subscription database, such as the Library's Canadian Major Dailies, or Eureka databases. As with a subscription journal database, Chicago recommends including the name of the database as the end of the full note instead of a URL. Do not include the name of the database in the shortened note.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Title, Date of publication, Year of publication, Page number (if available), Name of Database.
Full note example:
1. Dan Fumano, “Cash, Canucks Help City Land 'Tech Olympics,'” The Vancouver Sun, June 15, 2024, A12, ProQuest: Canadian Major Dailies.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article," Page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Fumano, "Cash, Canucks," A12.
Use the following format for a news article found on a free online website, whether it is the website for a newspaper (e.g. The Globe and Mail, or The Gazette), television or radio news sources (e.e. the CBC News or Radio-Canada websites) or an online-only news source (e.g. The Huffington Post). As news sites may update certain stories as they develop, it can be useful to include a time stamp for an article if it includes one. Also include a URL link to the article whenever possible.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Title, Date of publication, Year of publication, Time Stamp with Time Zone (whenever possible), URL.
Full note example:
1. Aura Carreno Rosas, “Theodore Tugboat Replica 'Safely Righted and Refloated' in Ontario Port, Says Owner,'” CBC News, December 19, 2024, 5:49 p.m. EST, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/theodore-tugboat-safely-righted-1.7415557.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article."
Shortened note example:
1. Rosas, "Theodore Tugboat."
Use the following format when citing any page from a website. Even if you are using multiple pages from a single website, each page used should be cited separately in your notes in order to make it clear to your reader exactly where your information came from.
When citing a website, a specific published, updated, or last modified date is preferred. If only a copyright date is available on the page, included instead the date when you last accessed the website.
Note: Names of websites, unlike other types of resources are NOT italicized.
Note: Blogs or articles from online news sources are cited differently from pages on general websites. See below for details.
Full note format:
1.“Title or Description of Specific Web Page,” Title or Description of Website, Owner or Sponsor of website, updated/last modified/accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Full note example:
1. "iPhone: Designed to Be Loved," Apple Canada, Apple Inc., accessed December 20, 2024, https://www.apple.com/ca/iphone/.
Shortened note format:
1. "Short Title or Description of Specific Web Page," Short Title or Description of Web Site.
Shortened note example:
1. "iPhone," Apple Canada.
A blog is a website consisting of a series of posted entries organized by date or topic. Often entries carry individual titles and are signed by an author. Because the author can be significant when citing an individual blog entry, a blog is treated differently in notes than a page on a general website. In addition, unlike a general website, titles of blogs are italicized. If the blog is part of a larger publication (e.g. The New York Times), you should also include the name of that publication, in italics.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) of Blog Post First Name Last Name, “Title or Blog Post,” Title of Blog, Title of Larger Publication (if relevant), Month Day, Year Posted, URL.
Full note example:
1. Allan Metcalf, "Appalachian English," Lingua Franca, The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 16, 2017, http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/10/16/appalachian-english/.
Shortened note format:
1. Blog Author(s) Last Name, "Short Title of Blog Post."
Shortened note example:
1. Metcalf, "Appalachian English."
You can cite publicly available content shared via any social media platform according to the following guidelines.You should prefer the real name of a poster whenever possible, followed by the screen name in parentheses. However, if a real name is not available, the screen name may be used in place of a real name. Since social media posts rarely have formal titles, provide enough text of the original post as the title to identify it (up to 280 characters, including spaces, and retaining emojis).
Private content, including direct messages not visible to anyone outside of the immediate conversation, is instead considered to be personal communication, and should be cited as such. See below for details.
Note: Chicago instructs that Twitter content posted before the company's 2023 rebranding as X does not need to be updated to refer to the new name, although the information may be provided parenthetically.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) of Post's First Name Last Name (Screen Name), "Text of the post (up to 280 characters, including spaces)," Name of Social Media Platform and descriptor of post type (if necessary), Month Day, Year posted, URL.
Full note example:
1. Craig Ferguson (@CraigyFerg), "Ack! Accidentally swallowed a fly. Looking for spider & hoping this doesn’t lead to crazy run of binge eating," Twitter (now X), October 18, 2017, https://twitter.com/CraigyFerg/status/920734804957569024.
Shortened note format:
1. Author(s) of Post's Last Name, "Short version of tweet."
Shortened note example:
1. Ferguson, "Ack! Accidentally swallowed."
Many reference articles, especially shorter articles, will not have an author attributed to them. These are normally called "unsigned articles." When creating a note for an unsigned reference article, you usually reference the title of the entire work first, and then list "under" and the title of the specific article that was consulted. In previous editions, Chicago recommended the use of the Latin abbreviation "s.v." for "sub verbo" = "under the word." This is no longer recommended.
For unsigned reference articles in print, use the following format for notes.
Full note format:
1.Title of Reference Work, ed. Editor(s) First Name Last Name, edition if not the first (Publisher, Year of publication), under “Title of Article.”
Full note example:
1. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph R. Strayer (Scribner, 1983), under “Church, Early.”
Shortened note format:
1. Shortened Title of Reference Work, under "Title of Article."
Shortened note example:
1. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, under "Church, Early."
For an unsigned reference article, include a last modified date for the particular article. If this is not available, include the date you last accessed the article. Edition numbers are usually unnecessary for continuously updated resources. The facts of publication (publisher, editor, etc. . . ) is ofter omitted. Always include a stable URL to the specific entry referenced in the full note. A shortened note, used only for repeated reference to a reference work, does not need the URL.
Note format:
1. Title of Reference Work, “Title of Article,” last modified Month Day, Year modified OR accessed Month Day, Year accessed, URL for entry.
Note example:
1. A Dictionary of World History, “French Revolution (1789),” last modified 2015, http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001/acref-9780199685691-e-1383.
Shortened note format:
1. Title of Reference Work, "Shortened Title of Article."
Shortened note example:
1. A Dictionary of World History, "French Revolution (1789)."
Unlike unsigned reference articles, signed reference articles (detailed articles with specific, named authors) start their notes with the author of the article, as with most other references in Chicago.
A signed reference article is any article from a reference work that is signed by an individual author. Usually the author will be listed at the very end of the article, and you will usually only see signed articles in reference works that have long, detailed entries that include interpretation. A signed reference article is cited much in the same way as a chapter in an edited book. Unlike a chapter in an edited book, however, since reference articles are usually arranged alphabetically according the the title of the article in the book itself, it is not necessary to include page numbers.
Full note format:
1. Reference Article Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Reference Article Title,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor(s) First Name Last Name, edition if not the first (Publisher, Year of publication).
Full note example:
1. Angela D. Hickey, “The Great Gatsby,” in Masterplots, ed. Laurence W. Mazzeno, 4th ed. (Salem Press, 2011).
Shortened note format:
1. Reference Article Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Reference Article Title."
Shortened note example:
1. Hickey, "The Great Gatsby."
A signed article from an online reference source should also include a "last modified" date for the article in addition to any publication date for the general work, if available. If a last modified date is available, it is not necessary to include a date accessed. This should be followed by a stable URL link to the article. The shortened note, used only for repeated reference to that particular signed article in the reference work, does not need the URL.
Note format:
1. Reference Article Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Reference Article Title,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor(s) First Name Last Name, edition if not the first (Publisher, Year of publication), last modified Month Day, Year modified, URL for entry.
Note example:
1. John Baffes, "Coffee Industry," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed. (Macmillan Reference USA, 2008), http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=west99811&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CCX3045300372&it=r&asid=8303a5ab0320e6bde754fd9b84a12c51.
Shortened note format:
1. Reference Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Article."
Shortened note example:
1. Baffes, "Coffee Industry."
Unlike when citing a film or documentary in a bibliography, where you begin a film entry with the name(s) of the director(s), you begin a note for a feature film or documentary with the title of the film. Include both the original release date of the film as well as the release date of the version of the film that you used. This is to distinguish between different releases of the film that may have included different special features. Also include the format on which you viewed the film.
Full note format:
1. Title of Film or Documentary, directed by Director First Name(s) Last Name(s) (Original Release Date of the film; Distributor, Release Date of the copy you viewed), Format.
Full note example:
1. Breathless, directed by Jean-Luc Godard (1960; New York: Criterion, 2007), DVD.
Shortened note format:
1. Shortened Title of Film or Documentary.
Shortened note example:
1. Breathless.
For a film or documentary that was either purchased as an electronic file from a source such as iTunes or Google Play, or streamed from an online database such as Netflix, Films on Demand or Criterion On-Demand, the citation format is relatively similar to the one used for a film on DVD or Blu-ray. For the format, include the name of the database or online store, in italics, along with the word "video." Then include a URL link to where you viewed or purchased the film.
Full note format:
1. Title of Film or Documentary, directed by Director First Name(s) Last Name(s) (Distributor, Original Release Date of Film), URL for film on streaming database.
Full note example:
1. The NeverEnding Story, directed by Wolfgang Petersen (Warner Brothers, 1984), https://media3.criterionpic.com/htbin/wwform/006?T=W84319.
Shortened note format:
1. Shortened Title of Film or Documentary.
Shortened note example:
1. The NeverEnding Story.
If you are citing a specific named or numbered scene from a film or documentary, you may treat it in the same way that you would treat a chapter from a book.
Note: The example below is for a film on DVD. For a film purchased electronically or streamed from an online database, use the same basic format, a URL link to the film in your note, just as you would if you were citing the entire film.
Full note format:
1. "Title of Chapter," Title of Film or Documentary, directed by Director(s) First Name Last Name (Original Release Date of the film; Distributor, Release Date of Blu-ray or DVD copy), Format.
Full note example:
1. "Ham and Eggs," Breathless, directed by Jean-Luc Godard (1960; Criterion, 2007), DVD.
Shortened note format:
1. "Shortened Title of Chapter."
Shortened note example:
1. "Ham and Eggs."
When citing an episode of a television series, cite the series first, then the season or series number and episode number, followed by the name of the episode.
Whenever possible, the original air date of the episode as well as the television channel where it originally aired is also included in the note.
Full note format:
1. Title of Series, season or series number, episode number, "Title of Episode," directed by Episode Director First Name(s) Last Name(s), aired Month Day, Year aired, on Channel Where Episode Aired (Distributor, Release Date of Blu-ray, DVD or VHS copy), Format.
Full note example:
1. The Mighty Boosh, series 2, episode 1, "Call of the Yeti," directed by Paul King, aired July 25, 2005, on BBC Two (BBC, 2006), DVD.
Shortened note format:
1. Shortened Series Title, "Shortened Episode Title."
Shortened note example:
1. The Mighty Boosh, "The Call of the Yeti."
Episodes that are purchased from an online source such as iTunes or Google Play or streamed from an online database such as Netflix are treated the same way as an episode from television series on DVD, with a few changes. For the format, include the name of the online store or database, in italics, followed by the word "video." Include a URL at the end of the citation.
Note: For television episodes that originated on an online streaming database such as Netflix, there is no need to include an "aired date." Instead, simply include the year of release.
Full note format:
1. Title of Series, season or series number, episode number, "Title of Episode," directed by Episode Director(s) First Name Last Name, aired date (Distributor, Year of Release on online store or streaming database), Title of Database or Online Store video, URL.
Full note example:
1. Stranger Things, season 1, episode 3, "Chapter Three: Holly, Jolly," directed by Shawn Levy (Netflix, 2016), Netflix Canada video, https://www.netflix.com/ca/title/80057281.
Shortened note format:
1. Shortened Series Title, "Shortened Episode Title."
Shortened note example:
1. Stranger Things, "Chapter Three: Holly Jolly."
Use this for any video clip found on Youtube or a a similar video hosting site online.
Full note format:
1. “Clip Title,” media type, posted Month Day, Year posted, by person or organization who posted content, Hosting Website Title, playing time, URL.
Full note example:
1. “Like Pale Gold - The Great Gatsby Part 1: Crash Course English Literature #4," video, posted December 13, 2012, by CrashCourse, YouTube, 11 min., 42 sec., https://youtu.be/xw9Au9OoN88?si=ViIUS9g3yBzW9lQE.
Shortened note format:
1. "Shortened Clip Title."
Shortened note example:
1. "Like Pale Gold."
Treat a work in a coursepack the same as if it was a chapter in an edited book. For coursepacks, the editor will always be the teacher for that course, as they are the ones who have selected and arranged the works in the coursepack.
Full note format:
1. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Coursepack, ed. Teacher First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Full note example:
1. Tobias Wolff, “Bullet in the Brain,” in ENG-101-MQ: Introduction to College English, ed. Nicolas Carrier (Eastman, 2024), 6.
Shortened note format:
1. Chapter Author Last Name, "Shortened Chapter Title," page number.
Shortened note example:
1. Wolff, "Bullet in the Brain," 5.
Use this format for handouts distributed in class or through Omnivox. For any handout that cites an original source (e.g. a short story from a book), cite it as if it was read in the original source instead.
Full note format:
1. Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Handout,” Class handout, Date Distributed, file format (for electronic files only).
Note example:
1. Amy MacLean, "Preparing a Bibliography, Chicago Style," Class handout, September 23, 2013, PDF.
Shortened note format
1. Author(s) Last Name, "Shortened Title of Handout."
Shortened note example
1. MacLean, "Preparing a Bibliography."
This format may be used when citing a live lecture. If you are citing a recording of a lecture, cite it as a video.
Full note format:
1. Lecturer(s) First Name Last Name, “Title of Lecture,” Format of Lecture, Location of Lecture, City of Lecture, Abbreviated Province or State of Lecture, Date of Lecture.
Full note example:
1. Matthew Flanagan, "Academic Integrity and Citation: Taking Responsibility for Your Work," PowerPoint Presentation, Marianopolis College, Westmount, QC, August 28, 2024.
Shortened note format:
1. Lecturer(s) Last Name, “Title of Lecture.”
Shortened note example:
1. Flanagan, "Academic Integrity."
This includes any painting, photo, sculpture, etc. . . that you saw in its original form (e.g. on display in a museum or art gallery).
Full note format:
1. Artist(s) First Name Last Name, Title of Artwork, Year Created, Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable), Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, collection object or reference number (if available).
Full note example:
1. Auguste Rodin, The Sirens, 1887-1888, Marble, 44.5 x 45.7 x 27 cm, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, inv. no. 1958.1192.
Shortened note format:
1. Artist(s) Last Name, Shortened Artwork Title.
Shortened note example:
1. Rodin, The Sirens.
Any reproduction of an image or a work of art that you are referencing from a book can be treated as if it were a chapter in the book. Include the work's actual dimensions if they are available in the book.
Full note format:
1. Artist(s) First Name Last Name, Artwork Title, Year Artwork Created, Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable), in Title of Book, ed. Editor First Name Last Name, Edition information (Publisher, Year of publication), figure number (if a figure number is not available, use the page number).
Full note example:
1. Auguste Rodin, The Gates of Hell (entire structure), 1880-1900, Plaster, 18'1" x 13'1' x 3'1", in Janson's History of Art: The Western tradition, eds. Penelope J. E. Davis et al., Reissued 8th ed. (Pearson, 2016), Fig. 26.24.
Shortened note format:
1. Artist(s) Last Name, Shortened Artwork Title, Figure number (if a figure number is not available, use the page number).
Shortened note example:
1. Rodin, The Gates of Hell, Fig. 26.24.
As with journal articles in specific subscription databases, Chicago recommends including the name of the database instead of a URL link. Listing the name of the database makes it easier for your reader to figure out where to go to find the image.
Full note format:
1. Artist(s) First Name Last Name, Artwork Title, Year Created, Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable), Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, City, collection object or reference number (if available), Name of Source Database.
Full note example:
1. Auguste Rodin, The Sirens, 1889, Bronze, 43.2 x 41.6 x 30.5 cm, The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, acc. no. 1946.350, Artstor.
Shortened note format:
1. Artist(s) Last Name, Shortened Artwork Title.
Shortened note example:
1. Rodin, The Sirens.
When using an image or work of art that you found on a freely-accessible website, include a URL link to the image at the end of the note.
Note: DO NOT link to an image on Google image search. Google image search is not hosting these images. It is only pulling them from other websites. Instead, visit the source page for the image and link to that page.
Full note format:
1. Artist(s) First Name Last Name, Artwork Title, Year Created, Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable), Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, City, collection object or reference number (if available), URL.
Full note example:
1. Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1903, Bronze, 189 x 98 x 140 cm, Rodin Museum, Paris, inv. no. S.01295, http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/thinker.
Shortened note format:
1. Artist(s) Last Name, Shortened Artwork Title.
Shortened note example:
1. Rodin, The Thinker.
References to the Jewish or Christian scriptures usually appear in notes, but not in bibliographies. However, if your professor wants you to include an entry for the Bible or other religious text in your bibliography, cite the specific version of the text that you used. See the Bibliography section of this guide for details.
A note should include the title of the Book (abbreviated, see sections 10.50-10.54 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition for a full list), chapter, and verse. You can include the specific version of the Bible used in parentheses after the verse, since specific translations can differ. For other religious texts, include the title of the work (Quran, Upanishads) and any part, chapter, or verse indicators. Again, specific versions can appear in parentheses after the verse information.
Note Format:
1. Book Chapter:Verse (Version).
Note Example:
1. Heb. 13:8 (New Revised Standard Version).
2. Quran 19:17-21 (The Study Quran).
Treat sacred and revered works of other religions be treated in a manner similar to Biblical works.
Chicago Style citation directs you to treat an interaction with an Indigenous Elder or Knowledge Keeper as a "personal communication." However, as Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers hold a significant role as carriers of knowledge and history for their respective Nations or Communities, the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style have recognized the value of also including reference to the information provided by the Elder or Knowledge Keeper in the Bibliography in addition to a note. They also recognize that it is important to include information such as the nation or community of the Elder or Knowledge Keeper, the associated treaty territory, and where they live.
Note: If you would like to approach an Elder or Knowledge Keeper for teachings, remember to follow protocol. If you are unsure what their protocol is, please ask them ahead of time.
Note: Only use this format for information that comes from direct communication with an Elder or Knowledge Keeper. If you are using audio or video recordings of interviews with Indigenous Elders or Knowledge Keepers, instead use the format for citing audiovisual materials. If you are using print transcriptions of interviews with an Elder or Knowledge Keeper, treat this transcription as a chapter, book, or article, as applicable.
Full note format:
1. Indigenous Elder or Knowledge Keeper First Name Last Name (Traditional Name [if applicable]), nation/community, treaty territory [if applicable], where they live [if applicable] topic/subject of communication [if not mentioned in the text], interview [specify only if not clear from the text], Month Date, Year.
Full note example:
1. Lekeyten, Kwantlen First Nation, Unceded territory of the Kwantlen, Musqueam, Katzie, Smeiahoo, Tsawwassen, Qayquat, and Kwikwetlem Peoples, community justice, interview, April 9, 2019.
Shortened note format:
1. Elder Last Name, Shortened Topic/subject of communication.
Shortened note example:
1. Lekeyten, community justice.
You must first have express permission from your teacher to use a generative AI tool (ChatGPT, Google Bard, etc. . .) in your work at the College. This permission can be given on a course-by-course or even assignment-by-assignment basis. If you are not sure whether you are allowed to use generative AI in an assignment or course, please consult your teacher. Do not assume that, if permission was given by the teacher to use generative AI in one assignment or course, that this permission extends to all work assigned by that teacher in any of their courses.
Whenever you do you generative AI for an assignment, it is your responsibility to use it ethically and within the parameters set by the course. To help you with this, the Office of the Academic Dean has put together to following guide on Artificial Intelligence Tools. Note that this also includes respecting the rules regarding cheating and plagiarism as set out by the Marianopolis IPESA.
This ethical use also includes citing generative AI content and making it clear in your work which content is your own and what is the result of gnerative AI output.
For many types or informal writing, The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition states that it is sufficient to acknowledge the AI Tool in your text. In these contexts, neither a note or a bibliography entry are necessary. The acknowledgement should include the version of the tool used, as well as the date the content was generated.
Example:
The following recipe was generated using ChatGPT-3.5, on March 5, 2023:
For formal writing, such as research papers, Chicago instructs you to use a numbered footnote or endnote for the content, in the following formats, depending on whether you have included the prompt for the generated text in the body of your work or not. When providing a URL, make sure that it points to an archived copy of the conversation. Many generative AI programs will require you to create an account in order to share archived conversations.
If you have provided the prompt in the body of your work:
Full note format:
1. Text Generated by Name of Generative AI with version number, Publisher, Monty Day, Year Generated, URL.
Full note example:
1. Text Generated by ChatGPT-4o, OpenAI, December 19, 2024, https://chatgpt.com/share/676984a6-b7d0-8013-a832-93b913fe0aac.
Shortened note format:
1. Text Generated by Name of Generative AI.
Shortened note example:
1. Text Generated by ChatGPT.
If you have not provided the prompt in the body of your work
Full note format:
1. Response to "Prompt given to program," Name of Generative AI with version, Publisher, Month Day, Year Generated, URL.
Full note example:
1. Response to "Create a Dungeons and Dragons wizard character using the 2024 revision of the 5th edition ruleset." ChatGPT-4o, OpenAI, December 23, 2024, https://chatgpt.com/share/676984a6-b7d0-8013-a832-93b913fe0aac.
Shortened note format:
1. Response to "Shortened version of Prompt," Name if Generative AI with version.
Shortened note example:
1. Response to "Create a Dungeons and Dragons wizard," Chat GPT-4o.
Note: When creating a note for an output that was generated using a particularly long prompt, you may shorten the prompt to the first 280 characters in your note. This follows the same rules for titles set out for social media posts (14.106). When doing this, it is important to make sure that the sense of the original prompt is retained. For the shortened note format, you may shorten the title further, so long a it is still identifiable as the same prompt used in the previous long format note, and distinguishable from other notes for AI-generated content.
Note: The shortened note format can only be used when you are citing the same output from a single session with a generative AI. If you are using content that is the result of different prompts or sessions, each result of an individual prompt will need to be cited separately using the full note format.
If you have edited the output created by generative AI, you should include "edited for style and accuracy" in the note. This does not include simple edits such as adjusting the font or applied smart quotes.
Full Note Example:
1. Response to "Create a Dungeons and Dragons wizard character using the 2024 revision of the 5th edition ruleset." ChatGPT-4o, OpenAI, December 23, 2024, edited for style and and accuracy, https://chatgpt.com/share/676984a6-b7d0-8013-a832-93b913fe0aac.
Shortened Note Example:
1. Response to "Create a Dungeons and Dragons wizard," Chat GPT-4o, edited for style and accuracy.
While sourcing for many generative AI programs has recently greatly improved, some programs do not provide you with the ability to link individual conversations in your text. If that is the case for the program you are using, you may be able to use one of the following plug-ins instead, which will archive your AI conversations, and provide you with sharable links:
The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition by Additional information on Chicago style citation may be found at these websites:
All original content in the Marianopolis College Library LibGuides is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.