The type of Chicago Manual of Style citation that is used at the College is the “Notes - Bibliography” (NB) system, which uses in-text footnotes or endnotes, combined with a Bibliography at the end of the paper. The examples you will see here follow the NB system.
When citing sources in Chicago-Style citation, it is not enough to only include notes in the body of your work. You must also include a bibliography at the end of your paper that includes every source that you used in your paper. If you did not use information from a source in your paper, it should not be in your bibliography.
When assembling your bibliography for a paper in Chicago-Style citation, please use the following guidelines:
Unless your teacher tells you otherwise, each entry in your Bibliography have at least one footnote or endnote in your text.
Chicago instructs to include an author's full name in last name, first name order as the first element of a bibliography entry. Usually, you do not abbreviate the name in any way, unless this author is commonly know by these abbreviations (e.g. Tolkien, J. R. R., or Auden, W. H.). This ordering of names is based off of what Chicago refers to as "Western" naming ordering conventions, which will usually given a person's given name(s) first, followed by their family name(s).
However, many cultures follow what Chicago refers to as "Eastern" naming order, where the family name if traditionally listed first. When citing an author whose name follow the Eastern naming order convention, retain that order in your bibliographic entry and do not separate the given and family names with a comma. The only exception to this rule are authors whose names are commonly presented in their writings using Western ordering conventions. For example, the Chinese author Liu Cixin commonly publishes his work in English as Cixin Liu. So, if citing his English work, you would present the name as Liu, Cixin. However, if you were citing his work in the original Chinese, where he is know as Liu Cixin, you would retain the Liu Cixin order.
If an author is published under different forms of their name, each work should be listed under the name that appears on the work, unless the difference is just the use of initials instead of a full names. However, there are cases, such as with deadnames, where an author no longer wishes to be known by an earlier name. In these cases, cite their work under their current name only, regardless of how the work was originally published. For example, list any work by N. D. Stevenson under the name N. D. Stevenson, even though some works by the author were originally published under a previous name.
Whenever possible, always use the original source for any information you use in your essay. However, sometimes it isn't possible to find the original source (e.g. the source is out of print, unavailable through the Library, or not available in a language you can read). In those cases, Chicago Style allows you to cite the information from what it calls a Secondary Source. A secondary source is a book, article, etc, that quotes or references a piece of information, but is not the original source of that information. When citing a secondary source of information, you only list the secondary source in your bibliography, as the secondary source is the source you actually used in your essay. For information on how to cite a secondary source in your notes, see the Notes: Secondary sources box on the Footnotes and Endnotes page of this guide.
Bibliography example:
Feldstein, Ruth. How it Feels to Be Free: Black women entertainers and the Civil Rights Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
In this example, the October 1959 issue of Drum magazine is the original source of the quote about Miriam Makeba. Since we couldn't find a copy of Drum, we used a book by Feldstein, which is where we first found the quote. When constructing the entry for your bibliography, always use the format for the secondary source you actually used, not the format for the original source.
Use for books consulted in print.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Levithan, David. Boy Meets Boy. Ember, 2003.
Use for a book that has a listed edition other than the first edition. For numbered editions (e.g. second, third, fourth), list the arabic numeral with the appropriate suffix (e.g. 2nd, 3rd, 4th). Use the "ed." abbreviation for "edition."
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition information. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History With Sources. 5th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2022.
Use this format for books where a specific editor or editors are considered to be primarily responsible for the book instead of an author or authors.
Bibliography format:
Editor(s) Last Name, First Name, ed(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Goodlad, Lauren, and Michael Bibby, eds. Goth: Undead Subculture. Duke University Press, 2007.
Use this format for books where a specific named editor or editors are named in the book, in addition to an author or authors. Place the editor(s) name(s) after the title of the work, and include "Edited by" before the name(s) to indicate the editors.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Names. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Shakespeare, William. King Lear: An Authoritative Text, Sources, Criticism, Adaptations, and Responses. Edited by Grace Ioppolo. W.W. Norton, 2008.
An eBook that was found online from a free source should include a stable URL link to that source at the end of the note. When sourcing a freely available older book that is out of copyright, it is preferable that URL links to scanned pages of a print edition (e.g. a PDF) instead of a reflowable text format, such as HTML or EPUB. Chicago recommends the Internet Archive for sourcing such books.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication. URL.
Bibliography example:
Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World. Temple Press, 1899. https://archive.org/details/gulliverstravels00swif.
As with a journal article from a Library database, Chicago instructs us to include the name of the database where the eBook was found instead of a URL link, so that the reader knows which database to access in order to find the book.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication. Title of Database.
Bibliography example:
Eigen, Joel Peter. Unconscious Crime: Mental Absence and Criminal Responsibility in Victorian London. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Ebook Central.
eBooks that have been purchased from online sellers, such as Apple iBooks, Amazon Kindle, or Google Play Books, often require specific software or devices to be read. As a result, Chicago recommends that you add the name of the app used to acquire or read the book, in order to make it easier for your readers to find.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication. Application used.
Bibliography example:
Waters, Alice. Coming to My Senses: The Making of a Counterculture Cook. Clarkson Potter, 2017. iBooks.
Use for a book that has been translated from one language to another.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Translated by Translator(s) First Name Last Name. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Camus, Albert. The Stranger. Translated by Matthew Ward. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.
Use when you are only citing a specific chapter from a edited book of chapters by various authors, or if you are only citing from a specific work (short story, poem, etc.) in an anthology.
Bibliography format:
Chapter Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Name, first page-last page. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Verjus, Anne. “Gender, Sexuality, and Political Culture.” In A Companion to the French Revolution, edited by Peter McPhee, 196-211. Wiley, 2012.
Use the following format for any journal article you find in print only.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): first page-last page.
Bibliography Example:
Shevtsova, Lilia. “The Next Russian Revolution.” Current History 111, no. 747 (2012): 251-57.
Chicago prefers that you include a DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, for a journal article whenever possible. DOIs are unique numbers that are assigned to individual articles to make them easily findable by anyone. Usually, they will start with a 10, followed by a period, followed by a unique string of numbers and letters. When including a DOI in a Chicago-style bibliography entry, add "https://doi.org/" to the beginning of the DOI if it is not already present. This turns the DOI into a usable URL that will take the reader to an online version of the article.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): first page-last page. https:/doi.org/DOI.
Bibliography Example:
Ryan, Susan M. “Stowe, Byron, and the Art of Scandal.” American Literature 83, no. 1 (2011): 59-91. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2010-063.
When a journal article doesn't have a DOI but can be found for free online (for example, from an open access journal), include a stable URL link to the article.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): first page-last page. URL.
Bibliography Example:
Niles, John D. “Editing Beowulf: What Can Study of the Ballads Tell Us?” Oral Tradition 9, no. 2 (1994): 440-67. http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/9ii/13_niles.pdf.
If you use an article from one of the Library's journal databases and that article does not have a DOI, Chicago recommends including the name of the database instead of a URL link to the article. This is because a link to an article in a database will only work for anyone that has access to that specific database, and usually only after they have logged in to the database. Listing the name of the database instead makes it easier for your reader to figure out where to go to find the article. do not place the name of the database in italics.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): first page-last page. Name of Database.
Bibliography Example:
Larsen, Anne. "'[Dieu] se Servit de Jeanne d'Arc': The Textual Public Identity of Mining Engineer Martine de Bertereau, Baronne de Beausoleil (ca. 1590-1643)," Michigan Academician 48, no. 1 (2021): 41-42, EBSCOhost.
Some journals, such as the well-known Public Library of Science One (PLoS One), have adopted what is called a "continuous publishing model," which is a format in which each article is assigned a unique ID and is considered final the moment it is published online. These articles are often given their own internal page numbering, restarting at 1 with each article. As a result, Chicago recommends including the ID in the footnote and bibliographic entry whenever possible.
To find the article ID, check the first page of the PDF of the article. These IDs are only standardized within the journal itself, and can look completely different from journal to journal, but are often labeled clearly on the page.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Title Volume number, no. Issue number (Year of publication): Article ID. DOI or URL.
Bibliography Example:
Alam, Fatema Binte et al. “'RVCNet: A Hybrid Deep Neural Network Framework for the Diagnosis of Lung Diseases.” PLoS ONE 18, no. 12 (2023): e0293125. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293125.
when citing articles from popular, non-academic magazines, you use a very similar format to academic journal articles. The only exception is that weekly, monthly, or bimonthly magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only.
For magazine articles found on subscription databases, use the format below, with the addition of the title of the database at the end of the full note citation.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Magazine Title, Day Month Year Published: First page-last page.
Bibliography Example:
Fears, David. "An A-List Sister Act Reunites." Rolling Stone, October 2024: 13-16.
Use the following format for any newspaper article you find in print.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Day Month, Year of publication: First page-last page.
Bibliography Example:
Woo, Andrea. "How Sam Benastick Survived 50 Dyas in the Northern B.C. Wilderness." The Globe and Mail, December 19, 2024: A8-A9.
Use the following format for a newspaper article found in a subscription database, such as the Library's Canadian Major Dailies, or Eureka databases. As with a subscription journal database, Chicago recommends including the name of the database as the end of the citation instead of a URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Day Month, Year of publication: First page-last page. Name of Database.
Bibliography Example:
Fumano, Dan. "Cash, Canucks Help City Land 'Tech Olympics.'" The Vancouver Sun, June 15, 2024: A12. ProQuest: Canadian Major Dailies.
Use the following format for a news article found on a free online website, whether it is the website for a newspaper (e.g. The Globe and Mail, or The Gazette), television or radio news sources (e.e. the CBC News or Radio-Canada websites) or an online-only news source (e.g. The Huffington Post). As news sites may update certain stories as they develop, it can be useful to include a time stamp for an article if it includes one. Also include a URL link to the article whenever possible.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Title, Day Month, Year of publication, Time Stamp with Time Zone (whenever possible). URL.
Bibliography Example:
Rosas, Aura Carreno. "Theodore Tugboat Replica 'Safely Righted and Refloated' in Ontario Port, Says Owner.'" CBC News, December 19, 2024, 5:49 p.m. EST. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/theodore-tugboat-safely-righted-1.7415557.
Use the following format when citing any page from a general website. Even if you are using multiple pages from a single website, each page used should be cited separately in your bibliography in order to make it clear to your reader exactly where your information came from.
Note: Names of websites, unlike other types of resources are NOT italicized.
Note: Blogs or articles from online news sources are cited differently from pages on general websites. See below for details.
Bibliography format:
Owner or Sponsor of website as Group Author. “Title or Description of Specific of Web Page.” Title or Description of Website. Last modified or Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Bibliography example:
Apple Inc. "iPhone: Designed to Be Loved." Apple Canada. Accessed December 20, 2024. https://www.apple.com/ca/iphone/.
A blog is a website consisting of a series of posted entries organized by date or topic. Often entries carry individual titles and are signed by an author. Because the author can be significant when citing an individual blog entry, a blog is treated differently in your bibliography than a page on a general website. In addition, unlike a general website, titles of blogs are italicized. If the blog is part of a larger publication (e.g. The New York Times), you should also include the name of that publication, in italics.
Bibliography format:
Blog Post Author(s) Last Name, First Name. "Title of Blog Post." Title of Blog (blog). Title of Larger Publication (if relevant), Month Day, Year Posted. URL.
Bibliography example:
Metcalf, Allan. "Appalachian English." Lingua Franca (blog). The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 16, 2017. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/10/16/appalachian-english/.
You can cite publicly available content shared via any social media platform according to the following guidelines.You should prefer the real name of a poster whenever possible, followed by the screen name in parentheses. However, if a real name is not available, the screen name may be used in place of a real name. Since social media posts rarely have formal titles, provide enough text of the original post as the title to identify it (up to 280 characters, including spaces, and retaining emojis).
Private content, including direct messages not visible to anyone outside of the immediate conversation, is instead considered to be personal communication, and should be cited as such. See below for details.
Note: Chicago instructs that Twitter content posted before the company's 2023 rebranding as X does not need to be updated to refer to the new name, although the information may be provided parenthetically.
Bibliography format:
Post Author's Last Name, First Name (Screen Name). "Text of the post (up to 280 characters, including spaces)." Name of Social Media Platform and descriptor of post type (if necessary), Month Day, Year Posted. URL.
Bibliography example:
Ferguson, Craig. "Ack! Accidentally swallowed a fly. Looking for spider & hoping this doesn't lead to crazy run of binge eating." Twitter (now X), October 18, 2017. https://twitter.com/CraigyFerg/status/920734804957569024.
Many reference articles, especially shorter articles, will not have an author attributed to them. These are normally called "unsigned articles." Even though you will most likely only be using a single unsigned article from a reference source in your work, Chicago Style requires you to cite the reference work as a whole in your bibliography. You will reference the specific unsigned article entry or entries that you used in your notes. See the Reference articles section of the Footnotes and endnotes page of this guide for details.
Because reference works are most often the work of several people, no one author is attributed to the work as a whole. A primary editor may be listed if there is one, but should be listed after the title of the Reference work, not at the beginning of the citation.
Bibliography format:
Title of Reference Work. Edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Name (if available). Edition information (if other than the first). Number of volumes. Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer. 13 vols. Scribner, 1983.
An online reference work should be treated much the same as a print reference work. The only exception is that you will need to include a DOI or, if a DOI is not available, a stable URL link to the work. This will differ from the link that you use in your footnote or endnote, which will point your user toward the specific entry in the reference work.
Bibliography format:
Title of Reference Work. Edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Name (if available). Edition information (if other than the first). Number of volumes. Publisher, Year of publication. DOI OR URL of work.
Bibliography example:
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by William A. Darity, Jr. 3rd ed. 9 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=west99811&v=2.1&it=aboutBook&id=GALE|9780028661179.
The same basic format is used for a feature-length film or a documentary. Directors should be listed as primarily responsible for the film, unless your essay specifically discusses the work of the screenwriters, performers, etc. . ., in which case, you would put them in place of the director's name. The name of the director would then go immediately after the title, preceded by "directed by." Include both the original release date of the film as well as the release date of the version of the film that you used, if those date are different. This is to distinguish between different releases of the film that may have included different special features.
Bibliography format:
Director(s) Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Film or Documentary. Original Release Date of the film or documentary; Distributor, Release Date of Blu-ray, DVD or VHS copy. Format.
Bibliography example:
Godard, Jean-Luc, dir. Breathless. 1960; New York: Criterion, 2007. DVD.
For a film or documentary that was either purchased as an electronic file from a source such as iTunes or Google Play, or streamed from an online database such as Films on Demand or Criterion On-Demand, the citation format is relatively similar to the one used for a film on DVD or Blu-ray. For the format, include the name of the database or online store, in italics, along with the word "video." Then, after you list the running time, include a URL link to the film.
Bibliography format:
Director(s) Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Film or Documentary. Distributor, Original Release Date of Film. URL for film on streaming database.
Bibliography example:
Petersen, Wolfgang, dir. The NeverEnding Story. Warner Brothers, 1984. https://media3.criterionpic.com/htbin/wwform/006?T=W84319.
If you are citing a specific named or numbered scene from a film or documentary, you may treat it in the same way that you would treat a chapter from a book. You do not list anyone as primarily responsible for a specific chapter as the director is responsible for the entire film. The one exception to this might be if a film is composed of several sections directed by different individuals. In that case, you would list the director responsible for the specific section before the title of the section, and list the director of the overall film (if one person is listed as having that responsibility) after the title of the film.
Note: The example below is for a film on DVD. For a film purchased electronically or streamed from an online database, use the same basic format, but include a URL link to the film in your entry, just as you would if you were citing the entire film.
Bibliography format:
"Title of Chapter." Title of Film or Documentary, directed by Director(s) First Name Last Name. Original Release Date of the film; Distributor, Release Date of Blu-ray, DVD or VHS copy. Format.
Bibliography example:
"Ham and Eggs." Breathless. Directed by Jean-Luc Godard. 1960; Criterion, 2007. DVD.
When citing an episode of a television series, cite the series first, then the season or series number and episode number, followed by the name of the episode. As with films, the episode's director is considered to be primarily responsible for the episode, so the director's name will usually begin the entry. The only exception to this would be if your essay was specifically looking at the work of the writer or of a performer in the episode, in which case, their name(s) would be placed at the beginning of the entry.
Whenever possible, the original air date of the episode as well as the television channel where it originally aired is also included in the entry.
Bibliography format:
Episode Director(s) Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series. Season or series number, episode number, "Title of Episode." Aired Month Day, Year Aired, on Channel Where Episode Originally Aired. Distributor, Release Date of Blu-ray, DVD or VHS copy. Format.
Bibliography example:
Paul King, dir. The Mighty Boosh. Series 2, Episode 1, "Call of the Yeti." Aired July 25, 2005, on BBC TWO. BBC, 2006. DVD.
Episodes that are purchased from an online source such as iTunes or Google Play or streamed from an online database such as Netflix are treated the same way as an episode from television series on DVD, except that you include a URL link to the episode on the platform where you accessed it in place of a format.
Note: For television episodes that originated on an online streaming database such as Netflix, there is no need to include an "aired date." Instead, simply include the distributor information and the the year of release.
Bibliography format:
Episode Director(s) Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Series. Season or series number, episode number, "Title of Episode." Aired Month Day, Year Aired, on Channel Where Episode Originally Aired. Distributor, Release Date on Online Store or Streaming Database. URL.
Bibliography example (Series originating on broadcast television):
Harris, Peter, dir. The Muppet Show. Season 2, Episode 8, "Steven Martin." October 29, 1977, on ABC. Disney, 2021. https://www.disneyplus.com/play/b398b2eb-f0da-4d37-a95d-3a54f7b966a7.
Bibliography example (Series originating on a streaming service):
Levy, Shawn, dir. Stranger Things. Season 1, Episode 3, "Chapter Three: Holly Jolly." Netflix, 2016. Netflix Canada video, https://www.netflix.com/ca/title/80057281.
Use this for any video clip found on Youtube or a a similar video hosting site online. The default assumption for Youtube-style video clips is that they are hosted by an individual or individuals, which is used as the first part of a bibliographic citation. A director can be listed in lieu of hosts. After the title of the work, the name(s) of producer(s) or a production company can be included. Only include these, however, if the name(s) of the producer(s) are different that the name(s) of the video host(s).
Bibliography format:
Last Name, First Name Host. “Clip Title.” Name of Producer(s) or Production Company. Website Title, Month Day Year posted. Video, playing time. URL.
Bibliography example:
Green, John. “Like Pale Gold - The Great Gatsby Part 1: Crash Course English Literature #4.” CrashCourse. YouTube, December 13, 2012. Video, 11 min., 42 sec. https://youtu.be/xw9Au9OoN88?si=qbRpAT14EnrHki94.
Treat a work in a coursepack the same as if it was a chapter in an edited book. For coursepacks, the editor will always be the teacher for that course, as they are the ones who have selected and arranged the works in the coursepack.
Bibliography format:
Chapter Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Coursepack, edited by Teacher First Name Last Name, first page-last page. Publisher, year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Wolff, Tobias. “Bullet in the Brain.” In ENG-101-MQ: Introduction to College English, edited by Nicolas Carrier, 1-10. Eastman, 2024.
Use this format for handouts distributed in class or through Omnivox. For any handout that cites an original source (e.g. a short story from a book), cite it as if it was read in the original source instead.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Handout.” Class handout, date distributed. File format (for electronic files only).
Bibliography example:
MacLean, Amy. "Preparing a Bibliography, Chicago Style." Class handout, September 23, 2013. PDF.
Traditionally, Chicago advises to only cite a live lecture in a footnote only. However, if your teacher wants to include lectures in your bibliography, you may use the following format.
This format may be used when citing the actual live lecture. If you are citing a recording of a lecture, cite it as a video.
Bibliography format:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name. “Title of Lecture.” Format of Lecture. Location of Lecture, City of Lecture, Abbreviated Province of State of Lecture, Month Day Year of Lecture.
Bibliography example:
Flanagan, Matthew. "Academic Integrity and Citation: Taking Responsibility for Your Work." PowerPoint Presentation. Marianopolis College, Westmount, QC, August 28, 2024.
This includes any painting, photo, sculpture, etc. . . that you saw in its original form (e.g. on display in a museum or art gallery).
Bibliography format:
Artist(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork. Year Created. Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable). Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, City. Collection object or reference number (if available).
Bibliography example:
Rodin, Auguste. The Sirens. 1887-1888. Marble, 44.5 x 45.7 x 27 cm. Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal. Inv. no. 1958.1192.
Any reproduction of an image or a work of art that you are referencing from a book can be treated as if it were a chapter in the book. Include the work's actual dimensions if they are available in the book.
Bibliography format:
Artist(s) Last Name, First Name. Artwork Title. Year Artwork Created. Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable). In Title of Book, edited by Editor First Name Last Name, figure number (if a figure number is not available, use the page number). Publisher, Year of publication.
Bibliography example:
Rodin, Auguste. The Gates of Hell (entire structure). 1880-1900. Plaster, 18'1" x 13'1' x 3'1. In Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition, edited by Penelope J. E. Davis, Walter B. Denny, Frima Fox Hofrichter, Joseph Jacods, Ann M. Roberts, and David L. Simon, Fig. 26.24. Pearson, 2016.
As with journal articles in specific subscription databases, Chicago recommends including the name of the database instead of a URL link. Listing the name of the database makes it easier for your reader to figure out where to go to find the image.
Bibliography format:
Artist(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork. Year Created. Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable). Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, City. Collection object or reference number (if available). Name of Source Database.
Bibliography example:
Rodin, Auguste. The Sirens for the Gates of Hell. 1889. Bronze, 43.2 x 41.6 x 30.5 cm. The California, San Diego. Artstor.
When using an image or work of art that you found on a freely-accessible website, include a URL link to the image at the end of the entry.
Note: DO NOT link to an image on Google image search. Google itself is not hosting these images. It is only pulling them from other websites. Instead, visit the source page for the image and link to that page.
Bibliography format:
Artist(s) Last Name, First Name. Title of Artwork. Year Created. Medium used, Height x Width (x Depth if applicable). Museum or Gallery that owns the piece, City. Collection object or reference number (if available). URL.
Bibliography example:
Rodin, Auguste. The Thinker. 1903. Bronze, 189 x 98 x 140 cm. Rodin Museum, Paris. Inv. no. S.01295. http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/thinker.
References to the Jewish of Christian scriptures usually appear in notes, but not in bibliographies. However, it is possible to include a bibliographic entry for scriptural works if you wish, or if it is requested by your professor. In these cases, just use the standard Chicago style format for a book. Remember, however, that many scriptural works are not usually considered to have an "author" in the traditional sense, so begin the entry with the title of the work.
Chicago Style citation directs you to treat an interaction with an Indigenous Elder or Knowledge Keeper as a "personal communication." However, as Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers hold a significant role as carriers of knowledge and history for their respective Nations or Communities, the latest edition of the Chicago Manual of Style have recognized the value of also including reference to the information provided by the Elder or Knowledge Keeper in the Bibliography in addition to a note. They also recognize that it is important to include information such as the nation or community of the Elder or Knowledge Keeper, the associated treaty territory, and where they live.
Note: If you would like to approach an Elder or Knowledge Keeper for teachings, remember to follow protocol. If you are unsure what their protocol is, please ask them ahead of time.
Note: Only use this format for information that comes from direct communication with an Elder or Knowledge Keeper. If you are using audio or video recordings of interviews with Indigenous Elders or Knowledge Keepers, instead use the format for citing audiovisual materials. If you are using print transcriptions of interviews with an Elder or Knowledge Keeper, treat this transcription as a chapter, book, or article, as applicable.
Bibliography format:
Indigenous Elder or Knowledge Keeper Last Name, First Name (Traditional Name [if applicable]). Nation/community. Treaty Territory [if applicable]. Where they live [if applicable]. Topic/subject of communication. Interview, Month Day Year of interview.
Bibliography example:
Lekeyten. Kwantlen First Nation, Unceded territory of the Kwantlen, Musqueam, Katzie, Smeiahoo, Tsawwassen, Qayquat, and Kwikwetlem Peoples. Community justice. Interview, April 9, 2019.
You must first have express permission from your teacher to use a generative AI tool (ChatGPT, Google Bard, etc. . .) in your work at the College. This permission can be given on a course-by-course or even assignment-by-assignment basis. If you are not sure whether you are allowed to use generative AI in an assignment or course, please consult your teacher. Do not assume that, if permission was given by the teacher to use generative AI in one assignment or course, that this permission extends to all work assigned by that teacher in any of their courses.
Whenever you do you generative AI for an assignment, it is your responsibility to use it ethically and within the parameters set by the course. To help you with this, the Office of the Academic Dean has put together to following guide on Artificial Intelligence Tools. Note that this also includes respecting the rules regarding cheating and plagiarism as set out by the Marianopolis IPESA.
This ethical use also includes citing generative AI content and making it clear in your work which content is your own and what is the result of gnerative AI output.
For many types of writing The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition that it is sufficient to acknowledge the AI tool in the text itself. In these contexts, neither a note or a bibliography entry are necessary. The acknowledgement should include the version of the tool used, as well as the date the content was generated.
Example:
The following recipe was generated using ChatGPT-3.5, on March 5, 2023:
For formal writing, such as research papers, Chicago instructs you to use a numbered footnote or endnote for the content, in the following formats, depending on whether you have included the prompt for the generated text in the body of your work or not. When providing a URL, make sure that it points to an archived copy of the conversation. Many generative AI programs will require you to create an account in order to share archived conversations.
Bibliography format:
Name of the publisher or developer. Response to "Prompt." Name of Generative (with version number), Month Day, Year used. URL.
Bibliography example:
OpenAI. Response to "Create a Dungeons and Dragons wizard character using the 2024 revision of the 5th edition ruleset." ChatGPT-4o, December 23, 2024, https://chatgpt.com/share/676984a6-b7d0-8013-a832-93b913fe0aac.
Note: When creating a note for an output that was generated using a particularly long prompt, you may shorten the prompt to the first 280 characters in your note. This follows the same rules for titles set out for social media posts (14.106). When doing this, it is important to make sure that the sense of the original prompt is retained. For the shortened note format, you may shorten the title further, so long a it is still identifiable as the same prompt used in the previous long format note, and distinguishable from other notes for AI-generated content.
Note: If you are using content that is the result of different prompts or sessions with a single generative AI, each result of an individual prompt will need to be cited separately in your bibliography.
While sourcing for many generative AI programs has recently greatly improved, some programs do not provide you with the ability to link individual conversations in your text. If that is the case for the program you are using, you may be able to use one of the following plug-ins instead, which will archive your AI conversations, and provide you with sharable links:
The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition by Additional information on Chicago style citation may be found at these websites:
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